Nickel is a hard, lustrous, silvery-white metal. It has a density of 8.91 g/cc, a melting point of 1,453°C, and a vapor pressure of 10-4 Torr at 1,262°C. Its key characteristics are malleability, ductility, and ferromagnetism and its polished surface resists tarnishing when exposed to air. It is the second most abundant element in earth's core next to iron. It is mainly used to make stainless steel, coins, and batteries. It can also be found in jewelry, but its presence has decreased due to skin allergies. When evaporated in vacuum, nickel can form a decorative coating on ceramic surfaces or a solder layer in circuit device fabrication. It is often sputtered to form layers in the production of magnetic storage media, fuel cells, and sensors.
| Material Type | Nickel ? |
| Symbol | Ni |
| Atomic Weight | 58.6934 |
| Atomic Number | 28 |
| Purity | 3N5-5N |
| Color/Appearance | Lustrous, Metallic, Silvery Tinge |
| Thermal Conductivity | 91 W/m.K |
| Melting Point (°C) | 1,453 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | 13.4 x 10-6/K |
| Theoretical Density (g/cc) | 8.91 |
| Ferromagnetic | Magnetic Material |
| Z Ratio | 0.331 |
| E-Beam | Excellent |
Vacuum evaporation means the evaporation materials are evaporated to atoms or molecules in vacuum by current heating, electron beam heating and laser heating. Atoms or molecules make rectilinear motion to impact substrate surface and condense to form films.
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